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历史：
artificial

adjective
1 artificial flowers
SYNTHETIC , fake, false, imitation, mock, simulated, ersatz, substitute; pseudo, sham, bogus, spurious, counterfeit, forged, pretended, so-called, plastic;
MAN-MADE , manufactured, unnatural, fabricated; replica, reproduction, facsimile; informal phoney.
-opposite(s): NATURAL.

2 an artificial smile
FEIGNED ,
INSINCERE , false, affected, mannered, unnatural, stilted, contrived, pretended, put-on, exaggerated, overdone, forced, laboured, strained, hollow, spurious; informal phoney, hammy, ham, campy.
-opposite(s): GENUINE, SINCERE.



AWKWARD SYNONYMS
artificial; synthetic; man-made

Something artificial has not occurred naturally but has been deliberately made by humans; the word is particularly applied to copies or replacements of natural objects, made from some synthetic material such as plastic: a valve failed in the artificial heart. The word is derived from Latin
  • artificium meaning ‘workmanship’ or ‘making a work of art’. By extension,
  • artificial is also used of hypocritical displays of emotion: I thought his smile was artificial. An artificial distinction is one that is discredited because it has no basis in reality.
    Synthetic materials are produced by humans through chemical processes, rather than grown naturally: synthetic fabrics can imitate everything from silk to rubber. The word is from Greek
  • synthesis ‘putting together’. There is often a hint that the imitation is inferior to its original: thin cottons, muslins, fine wools—nothing synthetic.
    Man-made is a more neutral term. Whereas both
  • artificial and
  • synthetic can carry a note of criticism or disapproval, man-made fibres or a man-made lake are presented as created by humans, without any implied comment on the desirability or otherwise of the procedure. Unlike the other two synonyms, it is applied solely to physical objects and materials.

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