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■substitute与replace


都是瞬时动作，属于第四类动词。骤然一看，中文意思都是“代替”、“取代”，但是，两者的“关系户”（搭配成分）是不同的。


substitute作为及物动词时，它的主语是掌握调动之权的人，直接宾语是“新官”，for后面的介词宾语是“旧官”。【例如】substitute sugar for honey以糖代蜜。但是有时候substitute可以作为不及物动词，它的主语可以是“新官”，仍然以for后面的介词宾语为被取代的“旧官”，掌握调动之权的人并不出现。【例如】A patent right holder may hold a market-dominant position, but only so long as no competitor comes up with new technology that can substitute for the product protected by that patent. 一个专利权持有人可以拥有左右市场的地位，但条件必须是：对于该专利权所保护的产品，没有哪个竞争者拿得出能够取而代之的新工艺。


不过，substitute的主语如果是掌握调动之权的人，也可以“旧官”不出现，只出现“新官”（作为直接宾语）。【例如】The temptation to substitute in arises from... (Wilson Follett, Modern American Usage, p. 224) 其所以有人情不自禁拿in来取代，原因是…


而replace（只能是及物动词）则可以有两种情况，一种情况是：主语是掌握调动之权的人，直接宾语是“旧官”，“新官”用with引入；另一种情况则是：主语是“新官”，直接宾语是“旧官”，掌握调动之权的人并不出现。【例如】If a red book is removed from the desk and a brown one is put in its place, the brown book has been substituted for the red one and the red book has been replaced by the brown. 如果桌上原先有一本红书，被拿走了，在它的位置上放了一本棕色的书，那么，棕色的书就被拿来取代了红书，红书就被棕色的书所取代（replace属后一种情况）。/ Since grains are substituted (*replaced) all over the world, they say corn's rise has indirectly contributed to the rise of other grains. (US News & World Report, May 19, 2008, p. 37) 由于全世界都拿谷物来代替（燃料），他们声称玉米的涨价也间接引起了其他谷物的涨价（如果用replaced，意义就变为“由于全世界都拿别的东西来代替谷物”）。/ The new regime replaced Makarios with Nikos Giorgiades Sampson as president. 新政权以尼科斯·季奥尔加亚德斯·萨姆逊取代马卡里奥斯为总统（replace属前一种情况）。


无论主语究竟是掌握调动之权的人，或者是“新官”本人，substitute和replace的最大区别，就在直接宾语上。substitute的直接宾语只能是“新官”（此时主语就是掌权人），否则只能由“新官”来充当主语（无论哪一种情况，“旧官”前面都要有for）。replace的直接宾语是“旧官”，“新官”可以是主语，也可以由“掌权人”作主语，“新官”用with引入。

See also: representative

substitute
(once / 220 pages)

Something or someone that takes the place of another is said to be a substitute. You may be sent into a game as a substitute for an injured player, or you might substitute chocolate chips for blueberries in a pancake recipe.
Substitute can be used as an adjective to describe something or someone that takes the place of another. Teenagers are notoriously hard on substitute teachers, sometimes giving them fake names or wrong information about classroom work. Substitute can also be used as a verb. So if you are asked to substitute for a teacher, you probably shouldn't believe everything the students tell you!
WORD FAMILY
substitutable: substitutability/substitute: substitutable, substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution/substitution: substitutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Oh,” said my mother, “there is no true substitute for a Classical education.”
Literature(Jul 10, 2014)
I look around the room for a substitute.
Literature(Jul 10, 2014)
Regular radishes may be substituted for breakfast radishes; sweet onions, such as Maui, may be substituted for spring onions.
Los Angeles Times(Jul 10, 2014)
For all the bells and whistles of the Pocket Edition there is no substitute for those tactile Vita controls.
Forbes(Jul 10, 2014)
If all spots aren’t filled, Dorsey says students start the school year off with a retired certified teacher or a substitute teacher.
Washington Times(Jul 10, 2014)
1
na person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
Synonyms:
replacement
2
nsomeone who takes the place of another (as when things get dangerous or difficult)
Synonyms:
backup, backup man, fill-in, relief, reliever, stand-in
3
nan athlete who plays only when a starter on the team is replaced
Synonyms:
reserve, second-stringer
4
vput in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items
substitute regular milk with fat-free milk
Synonyms:
exchange, interchange, replace
5
vbe a substitute
The young teacher had to substitute for the sick colleague
The skim milk substitutes for cream--we are on a strict diet
Synonyms:
fill in, stand in, sub
6
vact as a substitute
Synonyms:
deputise, deputize, step in
7
adjserving or used in place of another
Synonyms:
alternate, alternative
secondary
being of second rank or importance or value; not direct or immediate
8
adjartificial and inferior
substitute coffee
Synonyms:
ersatz
artificial, unreal
contrived by art rather than nature
9
adjcapable of substituting in any of several positions on a team
Synonyms:
utility
secondary
being of second rank or importance or value; not direct or immediate
substitute

[verb]

1 = replace, change, exchange, interchange, swap, switch

[noun]

2 = replacement, agent, deputy, locum, proxy, reserve, sub, surrogate

[adjective]

3 = replacement, alternative, fall-back, proxy, reserve, second, surrogate

sub·sti·tute
I
\\ˈsəb-stə-ˌtüt, -ˌtyüt\\ noun
 ETYMOLOGY  Middle English, from Anglo-French substitut, from Latin substitutus, past participle of substituere to put in place of, from sub- + statuere to set up, place — more at statute
 DATE  15th century
: a person or thing that takes the place or function of another
• substitute adjective

II
verb
(-tut·ed ; -tut·ing)
 DATE  circa 1594
transitive verb
1.
  a. to put or use in the place of another
  b. to introduce (an atom or group) as a substituent; also : to alter (as a compound) by introduction of a substituent
      a substituted benzene ring
2. to take the place of : replace
intransitive verb
: to serve as a substitute

substitute

noun
 
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːt/
jump to other results
  1.  
    a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have代替者；代替物；代用品
    • a meat substitute肉食替代品
    • a substitute family收养家庭
    • substitute for somebody/something Paul's father only saw him as a substitute for his dead brother.保罗的父亲只是把保罗当作他死去的哥哥来看待。
    • The course teaches you the theory but there's no substitute for practical experience.这门课教的是理论，但没有任何东西能代替实践经验。
    • The local bus service was a poor substitute for their car.他们坐当地的公交车，这比坐自己的汽车可差远了。
    Extra Examples
    • His teacher acted as a father substitute.老师替代了他父亲的角色。
    • The company produces substitutes for lead in petrol.该公司生产汽油中铅的替代品。
    • The television is a poor substitute for human companionship.用电视来代替人的陪伴是很糟糕的。
    • There's no substitute for hard work.无论什么都代替不了努力工作。
    Oxford Collocations Dictionaryadjective
    • good
    • acceptable
    • adequate
    • …
    verb + substitute
    • act as
    • serve as
    • use something as
    • …
    substitute + noun
    • teacher
    preposition
    • substitute for
    See full entry
  2.  
    (also informal sub)
    a player who replaces another player in a sports game替补（运动员）
    • He was brought on as (a) substitute after half-time.他作为替补队员在下半场上场。
    Topics Sports: ball and racket sportsc1
    3. Word Originlate Middle English (denoting a deputy or delegate): from Latin substitutus ‘put in place of’, past participle of substituere, based on statuere ‘set up’.

substitute

verb
 OPAL W
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːt/
[intransitive, transitive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they substitute
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːt/
he / she / it substitutes
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːts/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːts/
past simple substituted
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːtɪd/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪd/
past participle substituted
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːtɪd/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪd/
-ing form substituting
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːtɪŋ/
/ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪŋ/
jump to other results
  1. to take the place of somebody/something else; to use somebody/something instead of somebody/something else（以…）代替；取代
    • substitute for somebody/something Nothing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give you.大夫所能给你的忠告是无可替代的。
    • Can you find someone to substitute for you at the meeting?您可以在会议上找到替代您的人吗？
    • substitute A for B Margarine can be substituted for butter in this recipe.做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。
    • substitute B with/by A Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。
    • substitute somebody/something Kane was substituted in the second half after a knee injury (= somebody else played instead of Kane in the second half).膝盖受伤后，凯恩（Kane）在下半场被换下。
    When for, with or by are not used, as in the last example, it can be difficult to tell whether the person or thing mentioned is being used, or has been replaced by somebody or something else. The context will usually make this clear.
    Word Originlate Middle English (denoting a deputy or delegate): from Latin substitutus ‘put in place of’, past participle of substituere, based on statuere ‘set up’.
substitute

noun
the casual workers might be substitutes for agency workers
REPLACEMENT , deputy, relief, proxy, reserve, surrogate, cover, fill-in, stand-in, standby, locum, locum tenens, understudy, stopgap, alternative, ancillary; informal sub; N. Amer. informal pinch-hitter.

adjective
a substitute teacher
ACTING , replacement, deputy, relief, reserve, surrogate, fill-in, stand-in, temporary, caretaker, alternative, locum, standby, back-up, stopgap, interim, provisional, pro tem, proxy, ancillary; Latin pro tempore; informal second-string; N. Amer. informal pinch-hitting.
-opposite(s): PERMANENT.

verb
1 low-fat cheese can be substituted for full-fat cheese
EXCHANGE , use as a replacement, switch; replace with, use instead of, use as an alternative to, use in place of, use in preference to; N. Amer. trade; informal swap.

2 the Senate was empowered to substitute for the President
DEPUTIZE , act as deputy, act as a substitute, fill in, sit in, stand in, act as stand-in, cover, act as locum, be a proxy, hold the fort; take the place of, replace, relieve, understudy, take over from, represent, act in someone's stead; informal sub, fill someone's boots/shoes, step into someone's boots/shoes; N. Amer. informal pinch-hit.
substitute
see
 ⇨ REPLACE 3,7
substitute noun | verb
 1 
sub·sti·tute / 5sQbstE7tut ; 5sQbstEtju:t /noun C
1. also sub someone who does someone else's job for a limited period of time, especially in a sports team or school代替者; 〔尤指〕替补队员; 代课老师:
•Germany brought on a substitute at half time.德国队在比赛进行了一半时换上了一名替补队员。
•substitute goalkeeper替补守门员
[+ for ]
•The coach has to find a substitute for Tim.教练得找一个替补蒂姆的人选。
2. a person or thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available代替物，替代品:
•a sugar substitute糖的代用品
•a father substitute父亲的替身
3. be no substitute for sth used to emphasize that something is not as good as another thing没有某物那样好，不如某物称心:
•Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.维生素片不能替代健康饮食。
 2 
substituteverb
1. Tto use something new or different instead of something else用〔新的或不同的事物〕代替:
substitute sth for sth
•The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.食谱说可以用酸奶替代酸味奶油。
2. Ito do someone's job until the person who usually does it is able to do it again替代，顶替; 替换:
[+ for ]
•Bill substituted for Larry, who was off sick.拉里因病没有上班，比尔替了他。
3. Tto replace someone with another person especially another player替换，替代〔尤指球员〕:
•Michael Owen had to be substituted after 20 minutes on the field.迈克尔·欧文上场 20 分钟后，不得不被替换下来。
substitute ★★★☆☆
1.V-ERG 及物/不及物动词用…代替;取代;替换 If you substitute one thing for another, or if one thing substitutes for another, it takes the place or performs the function of the other thing.

【语法信息】：V n for n

【语法信息】：V n

【语法信息】：V for n

【语法信息】：Also V

  • They were substituting violence for dialogue...

    他们在用暴力取代对话。

  • You could always substitute a low-fat soft cheese...

    你总是可以代之以低脂肪的软奶酪。

  • Would phone conversations substitute for cosy chats over lunch or in the pub after work?...

    打电话能代替午餐时或下班后在酒吧里的惬意闲谈吗？

  • He was substituting for the injured William Wales.

    他替下了受伤的威廉·威尔士。

substitution

  • In my experience a straight substitution of carob for chocolate doesn't work...

    根据我的经验，用角豆制品直接代替巧克力行不通。

  • Both Scotland and Northern Ireland had made last-minute substitutions.

    苏格兰队和北爱尔兰队都在最后时刻做了换人调整。

2.N-COUNT 可数名词代替者;代替物;代用品 A substitute is something that you have or use instead of something else.

【搭配模式】：oft N for n

  • She is seeking a substitute for the very man whose departure made her cry.

    那个男人的离去令她伤心痛哭，她正想找一个人填补内心的空缺。

  • ...tests on humans to find a blood substitute made from animal blood.

    为从动物血液中提取人血的替代品而在人体上进行的试验

3.N-COUNT 可数名词令人满意的替代物;与之媲美的事物 If you say that one thing is no substitute for another, you mean that it does not have certain desirable features that the other thing has, and is therefore unsatisfactory. If you say that there is no substitute for something, you mean that it is the only thing which is really satisfactory.

【搭配模式】：with neg

  • The printed word is no substitute for personal discussion with a great thinker...

    阅读印在纸上的内容远不如与伟大的思想家面对面探讨那般受益。

  • There is no substitute for practical experience.

    实践经验是无法替代的。

4.N-COUNT 可数名词替补(运动员) In team games such as football, a substitute is a player who is brought into a match to replace another player.

  • Coming on as a substitute, he scored four crucial goals for Cameroon.

    作为替补队员上场的他为喀麦隆队打入了四粒关键进球。

substitute★★★☆☆
1[V-ERG 及物/不及物动词] 用…代替;取代;替换；If you substitute one thing for another, or if one thing substitutes for another, it takes the place or performs the function of the other thing. [V n for n] [V n] [V for n] [Also V]

  • They were substituting violence for dialogue...

    他们在用暴力取代对话。

  • You could always substitute a low-fat soft cheese...

    你总是可以代之以低脂肪的软奶酪。

  • Would phone conversations substitute for cosy chats over lunch or in the pub after work?...

    打电话能代替午餐时或下班后在酒吧里的惬意闲谈吗？

  • He was substituting for the injured William Wales.

    他替下了受伤的威廉·威尔士。

substitution

  • In my experience a straight substitution of carob for chocolate doesn't work...

    根据我的经验，用角豆制品直接代替巧克力行不通。

  • Both Scotland and Northern Ireland had made last-minute substitutions.

    苏格兰队和北爱尔兰队都在最后时刻做了换人调整。

2[N-COUNT 可数名词] 代替者;代替物;代用品；A substitute is something that you have or use instead of something else. [oft N for n]

  • She is seeking a substitute for the very man whose departure made her cry.

    那个男人的离去令她伤心痛哭，她正想找一个人填补内心的空缺。

  • //...tests on humans to find a blood substitute made from animal blood.

    为从动物血液中提取人血的替代品而在人体上进行的试验

3[N-COUNT 可数名词] 令人满意的替代物;与之媲美的事物；If you say that one thing is no substitute for another, you mean that it does not have certain desirable features that the other thing has, and is therefore unsatisfactory. If you say that there is no substitute for something, you mean that it is the only thing which is really satisfactory. [with neg]

  • The printed word is no substitute for personal discussion with a great thinker...

    阅读印在纸上的内容远不如与伟大的思想家面对面探讨那般受益。

  • There is no substitute for practical experience.

    实践经验是无法替代的。

4[N-COUNT 可数名词] 替补(运动员)；In team games such as football, a substitute is a player who is brought into a match to replace another player.

  • Coming on as a substitute, he scored four crucial goals for Cameroon.

    作为替补队员上场的他为喀麦隆队打入了四粒关键进球。

1．substitute 用作不及物动词作“做代替者”解，是美国用法。例如：As Mr Sinclair was ill, Mr Cook substituted as our teacher of chemistry.

2．下面四句意思相同：
We have to substitute tea for coffee.
We have to substitute coffee by tea.
We have to substitute coffee with tea.
Tea has to substitute coffee.
第一句是正当的，其他三句都不算正当。substitute 的正确意思是“把……用作代替者”，不是“把某人或某物代替（某人或某物）”或“代替（某人或某物）”。下面每组里的三句都不该说：
第一组该改作 He omitted of and substituted for (for it)，第二组该改作 For was substituted for of.
Oxford Collocations dictionary for students of English


substitute
noun

ADJ. good | acceptable, adequate, satisfactory | close | poor The television is a poor substitute for human companionship.

VERB + SUBSTITUTE act as, serve as His teacher acted as a father substitute. | use sth as | produce, provide The company produces substitutes for lead in petrol.

PREP. ~ for There's no substitute for hard work.

substitutesubstitutenoun[搭配]ADJ.good
好的替代品acceptable, adequate, satisfactory
可接受的替代品；合乎需要的替代品；令人满意的替代品close
（与原物）接近的替代品poor
糟糕的替代品:The television is a poor substitute for human companionship. 电视是人类交谊的一种糟糕的替代品。[搭配]VERB + SUBSTITUTEact as, serve as
充当替代品；作替代品:His teacher acted as a father substitute. 老师替代了他父亲的角色。use sth as
把…用作替代品produce, provide
生产替代品；提供替代品:The company produces substitutes for lead in petrol. 该公司生产汽油中铅的替代品。[搭配]PREP.~ for
…的替代品:There’s no substitute for hard work. 无论什么都代替不了努力工作。
代替
替代品

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