从以下词典查找:
历史:

■face与confront


1. 这两个动词意义和用法都大致相同,都是“面对”的意思,属第一类或第二类动词。但是face可以用于具体物件(主语、宾语均可),confront则多用于抽象事物,而且通常要有人参与,很少用于物对物。例如The wall faces (*confronts) the square. 墙对着广场。/ The hotel faces (*confronts) the sea. 旅馆对着大海。/ The flower faces (*confronts) the light. 花对着光。/ He was sitting facing(*confronting) the wall. 他面壁坐着。


2. 从中文来看,“面对”可以是“无意识的面对”(第一类动词,延续状态)或“有意识的面对”(第二类动词,延续活动)。face和confront,都可以用来或者表示“无意识的面对”,或者表示“有意识的面对”,但是搭配有些不同:


(a)表示“无意识的面对”,通常不用人作主语、事物作宾语,而是以事物作主语,人作宾语(confront比face正式,都是第一类动词,表示延续状态)。例如A new problem faces us. 我们面对一个新的问题。/ Defeat faces us unless we act at once. 除非立即行动,否则我们就要失败。/ Can you think of some typical problems that confront Chinese learning English? 你能设想中国人学英语所遇到的某些典型问题吗?/ These hazards confront the miners every day. 矿工们天天都面临这些危险。


(b)但是face所包含的主观意志比confront弱,因而在现代英语中已经可以以人作主语、事物作宾语,表示“无意识的面对”。例如Researchers still face a difficult issue. 研究人员仍然面临一个难题。/ I face that problem every day. 我天天都遇到那个问题。/ We face heavy increases next year. 我们明年的开支要大幅度增加。/ The new democracies face tough challenges. 新的民主国家面临着严峻的考验。/ As university campuses become increasingly multi-ethnic, they offer a glimpse of the conflicts society will face tomorrow. 随着大学校园日益变得多民族化,社会明天将会面临的种种冲突,从那里可见一斑。但是有时候confront也可以用人作主语,事物作宾语,来表示“无意识的面对”。例如And the UN, already coping with a 55 percent rise in food aid costs, now confronts a new crisis, as it ships food to Myanmar. (US News & World Report, May 19, 2008, p. 36) 联合国本来就在应付着粮食援助费用上涨百分之五十五的问题,现在要运送粮食到缅甸去,又面对着一场新的危机。


(c)face在“无意识的面对”中,还有一个confront所没有的意义,就是“遭遇到(某种不利的未来前景)”(仍然是延续性的状态)。例如Hundreds of tree species face extinction. 数以百计的树种濒临灭绝。/ If homeowners can't keep up the payment, they face foreclosure. 购房户如果做不到按期付款,就会面临房屋拍卖。/ Under Greece's stiff anti-drugs laws they could face twenty years in jail. 按照希腊严厉的禁毒法律,他们可能要坐二十年的牢。/ If police breathalyse me and find I am over the limit, I face a long ban. 如果警察测试我的呼吸,发现我的酒精含量超过限度,我的驾照就会被长期吊销。/ If found guilty, she could face a sentence of ten years. 她如果被认为有罪,就可能被判十年徒刑。/ Customers who arrange overdrafts will face a monthly charge of5. 顾客如果透支,可能每月被罚五欧元。


但是face以人作主语,事物作宾语,也可以表示“有意识地面对”。如何判别,要看上下文。例如Face your enemy boldly. 勇敢面对你的敌人。/ He accused the government of refusing to face facts about the economy. 他指责政府拒绝面对经济状况。


(d)“无意识地面对”,也可以采取face或confront的被动语态(仍然是第一类动词,表示延续状态),此时人作主语,抽象事物多用with,具体事物(但象征着困难)多用by引入。例如As teachers we are now faced with a dilemma. 我们做老师的现在左右为难。/ I was confronted with the task of designing and building the new system. 我面临着设计并建构新系统的任务。/ When I am confronted by a microphone, my mind goes completely blank. 我一对着麦克风,脑子里就一片空白。/ Police were confronted by a group of demonstrators. 警察遇到一群示威者。


(e)以人作主语,事物作宾语,这样的结构,似乎专门留给了“有意识地面对”(除了(b)与(c)中的face外),此时动词就不是第一类(无意识的延续状态),而是第二类动词了(表示有意识的延续活动)。例如I don't understand your refusal to confront reality. 你这样拒绝面对现实,我真没法理解。/ Let's face it, we have no alternative. 咱们别无他法,就认了吧。/ I have grown up now and I have to face up to my responsibilities. 我已经长大成人了,我应该面对自己的责任。


(f)以人作主语,他人作宾语,表示“有意识地对抗”。例如Defendants have the right to confront their accusers. 被告有权同控诉人对质。


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